明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對比.這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性.
標志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.
例如:
①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
②I wandered lonely as a cloud.
③Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2、Metaphor 隱喻,暗喻
隱喻是簡縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過比較形成.
例如:
①Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
②Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
3、Metonymy 借喻,轉喻
借喻不直接說出所要說的事物,而使用另一個與之相關的事物名稱.
I.以容器代替內容,例如:
①The kettle boils. 水開了.
②The room sat silent. 全屋人安靜地坐著.
II.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 請聽我說.
III.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
VI.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.
4、Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
①There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整體)
他的廠里約有100名工人.
②He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)
他是本世紀的牛頓.
③The fox goes very well with your cap.（整體代部分）
這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.
5、Synaesthesia 通感,聯覺,移覺
這種修辭法是以視.聽.觸.嗅.味等感覺直接描寫事物.通感就是把不同感官的感覺溝通起來，借聯想引起感覺轉移，“以感覺寫感覺”。通感技巧的運用，能突破語言的局限，豐富表情達意的審美情趣，起到增強文采的藝術效果。比如：欣賞建筑的重復與變化的樣式會聯想到音樂的重復與變化的節奏；聞到酸的東西會聯想到尖銳的物體；聽到飄渺輕柔的音樂會聯想到薄薄的半透明的紗子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微風過處送來縷縷清香,仿佛遠處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的”。
例如:
①The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.（用視覺形容聽覺，鳥落在樹上，由它發出的聲音聯想到百合花）
鳥兒落在樹上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.
②Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅覺形容聽覺）
品嘗Mozart的音樂.
6、Personification 擬人
擬人是把生命賦予無生命的事物.
例如:
①The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜擬人化）
②I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鳥擬人化）
7、Hyperbole 夸張
夸張是以言過其實的說法表達強調的目的.它可以加強語勢,增加表達效果..
例如:
①I beg a thousand pardons.
②Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
③When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
8、Parallelism 排比, 平行
這種修辭法是把兩個或兩個以上的結構大體相同或相似,意思相關,語氣一致的短語.句子排列成串,形成一個整體.
例如:
①No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
②In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
9、Euphemism 委婉,婉辭法
婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達粗惡,避諱的話.
例如:
①He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.
②His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他與妻子關系不融洽.
③Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. （去世）
10、Allegory 諷喻,比方（原意“寓言”）
建立在假借過去或別處的事例與對象之上，傳達暗示，影射或者譏諷現世各種現象的含義。
英文解釋：an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive
resemblances; an extended metaphor 摘自英語專業《大學英語教程》一書
這是一種源于希臘文的修辭法,意為"換個方式的說法".它是一種形象的描述,具有雙重性,表層含義與真正意味的是兩回事.
例如:
①Make the hay while the sun shines.
表層含義：趁著出太陽的時候曬草
真正意味：趁熱打鐵
②It's time to turn plough into sword.
表層含義：是時候把犁變成劍
11、Irony 反語
反語指用相反意義的詞來表達意思的作文方式.如在指責過失.錯誤時,用贊同過失的說法,而在表揚時,則近乎責難的說法.
例如:
①It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上沒有時間觀念還真是一件好事啊（真實含義是應該明確早上的時間觀念）
②"Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
12、Pun 雙關
雙關就是用一個詞在句子中的雙重含義,借題發揮.作出多種解釋,旁敲側擊,從而達到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的詞形.詞意和諧音的方式出現.
例如:
①She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
②An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
③If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
13、Parody 仿擬
這是一種模仿名言.警句.諺語,改動其中部分詞語,從而使其產生新意的修辭.
例如:
①Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
②A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
③If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14、Rhetorical question 修辭疑問（反問）
它與疑問句的不同在于它并不以得到答復為目的,而是以疑問為手段,取得修辭上的效果,其特點是:肯定問句表示強烈否定,而否定問句表示強烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.
例如:
①How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
②Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15、Antithesis 對照,對比,對偶
這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語句排在一起對比的一種修辭方法.
例如:
①Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
②You are staying; I am going.
③Give me liberty, or give me death.
16、Paradox 雋語
這是一種貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深長的說法,是一種矛盾修辭法..
例如:
①More haste, less speed.欲速則不達
②The child is the father to the man.（童年時代可決定人之未來）三歲看大，四歲看老。
17、Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
這也是一種矛盾修辭法,用兩種不相調和的特征形容一個事物,以不協調的搭配使讀者領悟句中微妙的含義.
例如:
①No light, but rather darkness visible.沒有光亮，黑暗卻清晰可見
②The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
18、Climax 漸進法,層進法
這種修辭是將一系列詞語按照意念的大小.輕重.深淺.高低等逐層漸進,最后達到頂點.可以增強語勢,逐漸加深讀者印象.
例如:
①I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
②Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19、Anticlimax 漸降法
與climax相反的一種修辭法,將一系列詞語由大到小,由強到弱地排列.
例如:
①On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
②The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
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